This paper deals broadly with a history of music, technology, and changing ideas of race and ethnicity in the twentieth century. It focuses on Leningrad, where researchers in 1935 at the Institute of Anthropology, Archaeology, and Ethnography conducted recording experiments involving Georgian folk singers. Using the work of Maxim Gorky, Romain Rolland, and the hugely inflectional linguist Nikolai Marr, it shows how Georgian music inspired and challenged leading theories of language, nationality, and cultural evolution at a pivotal moment in Soviet history. Part of the Socialist Studies Seminar series.