Beyond Akcja “Wisła”: The Recollections of Lemkos Who Experienced Ethnic Cleansing in Poland, 1944-1947
In the fall of 1944, the Soviet Union and the communist Polish Committee for National Liberation (PKWN) began a population-exchange campaign that mandated the relocation of Poland’s Ukrainian population, including the Lemkos, to the Soviet Union. What began under the guise of “voluntary” relocations soon escalated into terror and state-sponsored ethnic cleansing, fueling violent resistance from the rapidly expanding Ukrainian underground.