Conversations and Commentaries on Europe: Video Resources

 

ESC has online video offerings for select items from its extensive programming.  These resources are meant to ehance transatlantic conversations happening and enrich understandings of Europe here in the United States.

Resources can be used as classroom aids, out-of-classroom assignments, or as background for research papers.  Please provide proper citation of any of the resources used (examples below). Please let us know how you are using the videos! Send a message to europeanstudies@pitt.edu with your stories. 

You can also watch our collection on the UCIS YouTube Channel.

Citation examples:

  • MLA
    European Studies Center. "Title of Video." University of Pittsburgh, Date it was posted, URL.
     
  • APA
    [European Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh]. (Year, Month Day it was posted). Title of the Video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL.
     
  • Chicago
    European Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh. "Title of Video." YouTube video, length. Date published. URL.

 

Trade, Technology, and the Transatlantic Relationship
A conversation with European Commission Executive Vice Preseidnet Valdis Dombrovskis

September 30, 2021

 

 

 

 

Creating Europe Through Creative Europe

In this final session in our Spring series on “Creating Europe through…” our panel of experts will focus on European-level cultural policy and and its impact on local and global cultural sectors. Taking the European Commission’s Creative Europe program as a starting point, including initiatives such as the ECoC, the conversation will explore intersections of policy-making, cultural diplomacy, cultural trade, tourism, and implications for European identity and solidarity. Audience participation is encouraged.

PANELISTS:

Ivan Šarar
City of Rijeka
2020 European Capital of Culture

-       Rijeka Capital of Culture-- https://rijeka2020.eu/en/

-       Website - https://www.rijeka.hr/en/city-government/city-departments/department-of-culture/

Claske Vos
University of Amsterdam

-       Vos, C. (2019). Constructing the European Cultural Space: A Matter of Eurocentrism? In M. Brolsma, R. de Bruin, & M. Lok (Eds.), Eurocentrism in European History and Memory (pp. 223-243). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr7f5v5.15

-       Vos, C. (2018). Heritage and Policy. In S. L. López Varela (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences (Vol. 2). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119188230.saseas0284

Philip Schlesinger
University of Glasgow

-       Schlesinger, Philip.  2017. “The creative economy: invention of a global orthodoxy. “The European Journal of Social Science Research, 30:1, 73-90.

-       Schlesinger, Philip. 2018. “Whither the creative economy? Some reflections on the European case.” CREATE Working Paper 2018/05.

Randall Halle
University of Pittsburgh

-       European Art, Culture, and Politics special issue of EuropeNow (33) 2020 https://www.europenowjournal.org/2020/04/27/introduction-3/

-       The Europeanization of Cinema: Interzones and Imaginative Communities. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2014.

MODERATOR:
Jae-Jae Spoon

University of Pittsburgh

Additonal Resources:

Creative Europe Program-- https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/creative-europe/

 

The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.

Creating Europe Through Multilingualism

This session is the third of our semester-long "Creating Europe through..." series highlighting different approaches to constructing a common European identity. Our interdisciplinary panel of experts focus on EU language policies and multilingualism within European institutions.

PANELISTS:

Katerina Strani
Heriot-Watt University

-       Pym, A. (2013). “Translation as an Instrument for Multilingual Democracy.” Critical Multilingualism Studies 1:2 (2013): pp. 78-95 -  Translation as an Instrument for Multilingual Democracy | Critical Multilingualism Studies (arizona.edu)

-       Strani, K. (ed. 2020). Multilingualism and Politics: Revisiting Multilingual Citizenship. London: Palgrave Macmillan Multilingualism and Politics - Revisiting Multilingual Citizenship | Katerina Strani | Palgrave Macmillan

-       Podcast: Much Language Such Talk: Katerina Strani on Language and Identity (includes transcript) Episode 10: Dr. Katerina Strani & Language and Identity - Much Language Such Talk (mlstpodcast.com)

Nils Ringe
University of Wisconsin-Madison

-       Wilson, S., N. Ringe, and J. Van Thimme. Policy Leadership and Reelection in the European Parliament. Journal of European Public Policy, 2016.

-       Hage, F. M., and N. Ringe. Rapporteur-Shadow Rapporteur Networks in the European Parliament: The Strength of Small numbers. European Journal of Political Research.

Michele Gazzola
Ulster University

-       Grin, François, Manuel Célio Conceição, Peter A.  Kraus, László Marácz, Žaneta  Ozolina, Nike K. Pokorn, and Anthony Pym (eds.). 2018. The MIME vademecum: Mobility and inclusion in multilingual Europe, Geneva: MIME Project.

-       Gazzola, Michele (2016) Research for Cult Committee - European Strategy for Multilingualism: Benefits and Costs, PE 573.460. Brussels: European Parliament.

Karen McAuliffe
University of Birmingham

-       McAuliffe, K (2017) “Behind the Scenes at the Court of Justice: A Story of Process and People” in Davies and Nicola (eds) EU Law Stories Cambridge University Press

-       McAuliffe, K (2016) “Hidden Translators: The Invisibility of Translators and the Influence of Lawyer-Linguists on the Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union” Language and Law/Linguagem e Direito 3(1) 5-29

-       Visit Dr. McAuliffe’s website for more resources: https://www.karenmcauliffe.com

MODERATOR:
Jae-Jae Spoon
University of Pittsburgh

Additional Resources:

For K-12: 

-       https://edl.ecml.at/Teachers/Teachingmaterials/tabid/3097/language/en-GB/Default.aspx

-       https://www.nationalgeographic.org/activity/the-languages-of-europe/

Multilingualism:

-       https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2019)642207

-       https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378216610003280

 

The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.

The Battle over Gender Equality in European Politics

In recent years, the EU has adopted far-reaching legislation and policies to support LGBTIQ and women's rights across a broad range of issues from the gender pay-gap through accession to the  Istanbul Convention on violence against women to gender equality in culture and foreign affairs, biodiversity, and digital policy. Yet, several member states have resisted such transnational efforts and have not only removed the word "gender" from official documents and eliminated the field of gender studies in higher education but also rolled back gender rights within their boundaries, sparking sustained protests most notably in Poland and Hungary.

MODERATOR:
Muge Kokten Finkel
Assistant Professor, GSPIA
University of Pittsburgh

SPEAKERS:
Laura Albu
Vice President, European Women's Lobby

Lenka Bustikova
Associate Professor, Political Science
Arizona State University

Malgorzata Fidelis
Associate Professor, History
University of Illinois, Chicago

Alice Kuhnke
MEP, European Parliament
Vice Chair, Group of Greens/European Free Alliance

Europe's Green Recovery

The European Green Deal is the EU's ambitious new growth strategy that aims to transform Europe into a modern, resource-efficient and competitive economy where no person and no place is left behind. As Executive Vice-President, Frans Timmermans leads the European Commission's work on the European Green Deal and its first European Climate Law to enshrine a 2050 climate-neutrality target into EU law.

Creating Europe Through the Built Environment

In this second installment of our 'Creating Europe through' series, the focus is on the built environment. Our panelists discuss: How does the architecture of EU institutional buildings reflector express European ideas or identity? Does EU funding for infrastructure projects throughout Europe promote a European identity among EU citizens? And how does the EU work to integrate buildings into the circular economy and create a greener Europe?

PANELISTS:

  • Carola Hein
    Delft University of Technology

Laconte, Pierre, and Carola Hein (eds.) (2007): Brussels: Perspectives on a European Capital. Brussels: Publication of the Foundation for the Urban Environment. 130pp. 

Hein, Carola (ed.) (2019) Adaptive Strategies for Water Heritage, Springer. 

  • Elma Durmisevic
    4D Architects

Brouwer, J., & Durmisevic, E. (2002). TOWARDS DYNAMIC BUILDING STRUCTURES -BUILDING WITH SYSTEMS. https://www.4darchitects.nl/download/Beyond_Sustainability_2002.pdf

For more projects and publications visit www.4darchitects.nl/4d_profile.htm

  • John Bachtler
    University of Strathclyde

Bachtler, J., & Mendez, C. (2020). Cohesion and the EU's budget: is conditionality undermining solidarity? . In R. Coman, A. Crespy, & V. A. Schmidt (Eds.), Governance and politics in the post-criss European Union (pp. 121-139). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108612609.009

Bachtler, J. (2019). Three decades of thought leadership and policy influence in regional development. In A. Olechnicka, & M. Herbst (Eds.), Równosc czy efektywnosc rozwoju: Eseje inspirowane dorobkiem naukowym Grzegorza Gorzelaka (pp. 27-38).

MODERATOR:

  • Christopher Drew Armstrong
    University of Pittsburgh

          “The Architect as Revolutionary Hero: A Monument to Julien-David Leroy.” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 66 (September 2007), 316-339.

          Review of Frank Salmon’s Building on Ruins. The Rediscovery of Rome and English Architecture (London: Ashgate, 2000) in: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61 (June 2002): 222–224.

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The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.

‘Inescapable Liabilities’: Locating Algeria in European Integration’s History

JMEUCE Lecture by Megan Brown, Department of History, Swarthmore University

Update on Brexit

On January 31, 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union. In this update, Dr. Anand Menon, Director of UK in a Changing Europe, discusses the potential impacts of Brexit not only in Europe and the UK, but also for the transatlantic relationship.

Creating Europe Through Crisis

The ESC and the European Union Studies Association (EUSA) collaborate to explore how several crises – including financial, Brexit, migration, democratic backsliding, and public health – have shaped the European Union over the past decade.

PANELISTS:

  • Catherine De Vries
    Bocconi University, Milan

-       De Vries, Catherine E., Sara B. Hobolt, Sven-Oliver Proksch & Jonathan Slapin (2021) Foundations of European Politics: A Comparative Approach.  Forthcoming with Oxford University Press.

-       De Vries, Catherine E. & Sara B. Hobolt (2020) Political Entrepreneurs: TheRise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton University Press.

-       De Vries, Catherine E., Bert N. Bakker, Sara B. Hobolt & Kevin Arceneaux (2021) Crisis Signaling: How Italy’s Coronavirus Lockdown Affected Incumbent Support in Other European Countries. Forthcoming in Political Science Research and Methods.

  • Sara Goodman
    Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva

-       Sara Wallace Goodman (2010) Integration Requirements for Integration's Sake? Identifying, Categorising and Comparing Civic Integration Policies, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36:5, 753-772, DOI: 10.1080/13691831003764300

-       Schilde K., Goodman S.W. (2021) The EU’s Response to the Migration Crisis: Institutional Turbulence and Policy Disjuncture. In: Riddervold M., Trondal J., Newsome A. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of EU Crises. Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51791-5_25

  • R. Daniel Keleman
    Rutgers University

-       https://www.politico.eu/article/the-eu-is-undermining-its-democracies-while-funding-its-autocracies-coronavirus-covid19-rule-of-law/

-       https://www.politico.eu/article/time-to-call-hungary-and-polands-bluff/

  • Matthias Matthijs
    Johns Hopkins University

-       The Future of the Euro (co-edited with Mark Blyth), New York: Oxford University Press, Published Hardcover/Paperback 2015.

-       “Mind the Gap: Southern Exit, Northern Voice, and Changing Loyalties since the Euro Crisis” (with Silvia Merler), JCMS: Journal for Common Market Studies 58 (1), January 2020, pp. 96-115.

-       “Lessons and Learnings from a Decade of EU Crises – Introduction to Special Issue,” Journal of European Public Policy 27 (8), July 2020, pp. 1127-1136.

MODERATOR:

  • Jae-Jae Spoon
    University of Pittsburgh

 

Additional Resources on Brexit and Immigration:

The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.

The Scandinavian Model

The so-called “Nordic” or “Scandinavian Model” embraces both the welfare state and globalization and emphasizes society-wide risk sharing. Citizens in countries such as Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland exhibit high levels of trust in government institutions.

PANELISTS:

  • Grete Brochmann
    University of Oslo
    -       Brochmann, Grete & Midtbøen, Arnfinn Haagensen (2020). Philosophies of integration? Elite views on citizenship policies in Scandinavia.  Ethnicities.  ISSN 1468-7968. doi: 10.1177/1468796820950453 Full text in Research Archive.

    -       Brochmann, Grete (2019). Investigating Immigration and the Sustainability of the Norwegian Welfare State: The Role of Government Commissions., In Martin Ruhs; Kristof Tamas & Joakim Palme (ed.),  Bridging the Gap. Linking Research to Public Debates and Policy-Making On Migration and Intergration. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-883455-7. 

    -       Brochmann, Grete & Dølvik, Jon Erik (2018). The welfares state and international migration. The European challenge., In Bent Greve (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Welfare State, Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-63164-9. 44. s 508 - 521

  • Frank Martela
    Aalto University
    -       Martela, F., Greve, B., Rothstein, B., & Saari, J. (2020). The Nordic Exceptionalism: What Explains Why the Nordic Countries are Constantly Among the Happiest in the World. In J. F. Helliwell, R. Layard, J. Sachs, & J.-E. De Neve (Eds.), World Happiness Report 2020 (pp. 129–146). Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
  • Christian Albrekt Larsen
    Aalborg University
    -       Breidahl, K. N., Hedegaard, T. F., Kongshøj, K., & Larsen, C. A. (Accepted/In press). Migrants' Attitudes and the Welfare State: The Danish Melting Pot. Edward Elgar Publishing.

    -        Larsen, C. A. (2020). The institutional logic of giving migrants access to social benefits and services. Journal of European Social Policy30(1), 48-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928719868443

    -        Larsen, C. A., Frederiksen, M., & Nielsen, M. H. (2018). European welfare nationalism: A democratic forum study in five countries. In P. Taylor-Gooby, & B. Leruth (Eds.), Attitudes, Aspirations and Welfare: Social policy directions in uncertain times (pp. 63-91). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75783-4_3

    -        Larsen, C. A. (2017). Revitalizing the “civic” and “ethnic” distinction: Perceptions of nationhood across two dimensions, 44 countries and two decades . Nations and Nationalism23(4), 970-993. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12345

    -        Larsen, C. A. (2013). The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford University Press. http://www.amazon.com/Rise-Fall-Social-Cohesion-De-construction/dp/0199681848

  • Guy Peters
    University of Pittsburgh

MODERATOR:

  • Jae-Jae Spoon
    Director of European Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh

 

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:

-       Bo Rothstein, Just Institutions Matter:  The Moral and Political Logic of the Universal Welfare State (Cambridge University Press, 1998).

-       Jon Pierre, "Introduction", Oxford Handbook of Swedish Politics (Oxford University Press, 2017)

-       Trägårdh, L. (2007) I. State and Society in Northern Europe: The Swedish Model Reconsidered (New York: Berghahn Books). 

-       Delhey, J., & Dragolov, G. (2016). Happier together. Social cohesion and subjective well-being in Europe. International Journal of Psychology51(3), 163–176.

-       Flavin, P., Pacek, A. C., & Radcliff, B. (2011). State intervention and subjective well-being in advanced industrial democracies. Politics & Policy39(2), 251–269.

-       Oksanen, A., Kaakinen, M., Latikka, R., Savolainen, I., Savela, N., & Koivula, A. (2020). Regulation and trust: COVID-19 mortality in 25 European countries. JMIR Public Health and SurveillancePreprint(08/04/2020:19218). https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.19218

 

The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.

Cementing the Boundaries of Frenchness

In a focus on France, the panel casts a light on the utopia of a color-blind French Republic.

PANELISTS:

  • Jean Beaman
    University of California Santa-Barbara
    - Beaman, Jean. 2017. Citizen Outsider: Children of North African Immigrants in France. Oakland, CA: University of California Press (open access link - https://www.luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.39/)

    - Silverstein, Paul. 2018. Postcolonial France: Race, Islam, and the Future of the Republic. London: Pluto Press. 

    - Keaton, Trica D., 2010. The politics of race-blindness:(anti) blackness and category-blindness in contemporary France. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race7(1), pp.103-131.

    - Simon, Patrick., 2008. The choice of ignorance: The debate on ethnic and racial statistics in France. French Politics, Culture & Society26(1), pp.7-31.

  • Cécile Evers
    Pomona College
    -       2019 “Views from Within and Without: Youth from Marseille’s Housing Projects Enact Belonging Through Marseillais French and Arabic.” Journal of Multicultural and Multilingual Development. DOI: 10.1080/01434632.2020.1724121.

    -       “Alienated at Home: The Role of Online Media as Young Orthodox Muslim Women Beat a Retreat from Marseille.” In C. Cutler & U. Røyneland (Eds.), Multilingual Youth Practices in Computer-Mediated Communication (pp. 27-50). Cambridge University Press. (2018)

  • Zsuzsanna Fagyal
    University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
    -       Fagyal, Zsuzsanna, and Eivind Torgersen. "Prosodic rhythm, cultural background, and the performance of adolescent urban vernaculars in Paris: case studies and comparisons." Journal of French Language Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, 2018, p. 165-179.

    -       L’Accent des banlieues. Aspects prosodiques du français populaire en contact avec les langues de l’immigration. Paris: L’Harmattan, Séries “Espaces discursifs”, 2010.

  • Christina Horvath
    University of Bath
    -       Carpenter, Juliet & Christina Horvath, Regards croisés sur la banlieue, Bruxelles : Peter Lang, 2015. Collectif (dir) Nous … la cité, Paris, Zones, 2012 

    -       Horvath, C. (2020) The banlieue: realities, myths, representations 2020, in Demossier, M. et al. (ed) Routledge Handbook of French Politics and Culture, Routledge.  

    -       Horvath , C 2018 , ' Riots or revolts? The legacy of the 2005 uprising in French banlieue narratives ' , Modern and Contemporary France , vol. 26 , no. 2 , pp. 193-206 . https://doi.org/10.1080/09639489.2018.1440197ISSN:0963-9489 

    -       Horvath , C 2018 , ' Banlieue narratives : voicing the French urban periphery ' , Romance Studies , vol. 36 , no. 1-2: Banlieue Narratives: Voicing the French Urban Periphery , pp. 1-4 . https://doi.org/10.1080/02639904.2018.1457820 ISSN:0263-9904 

    -       Horvath , C 2020 , Literary festivals as Co-Creation? Challenging territorial stigmatisation in alternative ways . in Co-Creation in Theory and Practice : Exploring Creativity in the Global North and South . Policy Press , Bristol , pp. 155 . https://doi.org/DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv161f375.15

          -       Horvath , C 2018 , ' Conceptualizing peripheral urban literature in France and Brazil ' , Romance Studies , vol. 36 , no. 1-2: Banlieue Narratives: Voicing the French Urban Periphery , pp. 46-62 .                           https://doi.org/10.1080/02639904.2018.1457826 ISSN:0263-9904  

MODERATOR:

  • Jae-Jae Spoon
    Director of European Studies Center, University of Pittsburgh

The series is intended to present a broad range of views and opinions about topics relevant to Europe. The views expressed are those of the presenters and cannot be taken to represent the views or opinions of the U.S. Government nor the European Union.

We would appreciate your feedback on these videos and the Conversations on Europe series.  Please see our survey at: https://pitt.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_0x5l0NHN4btbAQR

This video has been funded with the assistance of both the European Commission (through the Erasmus + Programme) and the US Department of Education. The contents of this video are the sole responsibility of the European Studies Center at the University of Pittsburgh and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the U.S. government or the European Union.

Co-support provided by the International Foreign Language Education office of the U.S. Department of Education and the European Commission's Erasmus + Programme. Views and opinions expressed are those of the individual panelists and do not reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Government or the European Union.